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| A Swiss university conducted a recent study on the health benefits of marriage.
The study proved that marriage protects men and women from chronic and occasional headaches. The psychological feeling of a lasting and stable relationship helps to reduce physical stress and increases the excretion of the happiness hormone in larger quantities than those of worry, fear and sadness.
The study also proved that early marriage helps man to get rid of most forms of psychological and nervous pressure, as well as the consequences of work problems and confrontation with society. Marriage also helps in treating insomnia and insufficient sleep in addition to getting rid of extra calories with no less than 200 calories burned during each sexual intercourse. This equals exercising for 40 minutes for men. Marriage also helps men retain their vitality for many years and decreases the possibility of their being afflicted with prostate cancer by no less than 85%. Moreover, the study asserted that marriage strengthens the heart muscles, activates blood circulation, and helps inhaling additional oxygen, which benefits the body and gives it more energy.
One of the most important findings of this study, which is based on a sample of 5,000 married men and women, is that marriage helps one enjoy intellectual, emotional and physical stability, and that if marriage lacked any of these elements, it would lead to dire consequences for the life of the husband and the wife.
All the 5,000 spouses who were included in this study asserted that their current life is much better than their life before marriage. They all affirmed that the presence of children in their life creates a happy marital relationship and understanding and helps them preserve the entity of the family.
The study mentioned that misunderstanding, insincerity, niggardliness and dominance are the most important things about which married people are concerned. On the other hand, love, understanding, sincerity, truthfulness, caring for the interests of each other and performing marital duties perfectly were proved to be among the factors that bring the spouses closer to each other.
The study concluded its results by saying, “It is not difficult to get married, but it is also not easy to be continually happy as a spouse.” |

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In recent times, cases of divorce before the consummation of the wedding have increased among youth for many reasons. Among them are the demanding of excessive dowries, furnishing the marital home, the housing crisis, the absence of religion in people’s lives and the excessive intermixing between the couples, which causes coldness of emotions and drives the young man to think of marrying another woman. In this report, we will discuss this phenomenon. Dr. Ahmad Al-Majdoob, a professor of sociology, says,“Marriage in our current age is based on incorrect foundations. The family of the girl does not make inquiries about the groom and does not ask about his origin, family or even about his morals and religion. Concentration on money has become the basis. The more the suitor meets the material demands of the bride’s family, like having a house that is furnished with all kinds of luxuries, a fashionable car, and an excessive dowry, the more acceptance and approval he receives.”
Dr. Al-Majdoob adds: Being far from religion is the most important cause of the increase in divorce rates before the actual wedding day. The Prophet,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, laid the basic principles of marriage and made religion and good morals the basis for forming the Muslim family; he said:”If someone comes to you seeking marriage ]to your daughter[ and you approve of his religion and morals, marry him ]to her[; if you do not do that, there will be Fitnah ]tribulations[ on earth and great corruption.”
In the past, Egyptian society, like other Islamic societies, had familial solidarity and marriage was a familial project, not an individual one. Hence, marriage was stable, and we never heard about widespread cases of divorce because families would choose religious men with good morals. Also, the mother would bring up her girl in accordance with the teachings of Islam and would inform her of her rights and her duties towards her future husband. Undoubtedly, being far from religion is the reason behind all the disasters from which we are now suffering. To guarantee marital happiness, we should return to religion. I advise young men and women to fear Allaah The Almighty and choose their life partners in accordance with Islamic rules and principles. I also advise them to abide by the orders of Allaah The Almighty and His noble Messenger,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, so as to guarantee a stable marital life that is based on affection and mercy.
Avoid Getting Swayed by Appearances
Dr. Aaminah Nusayr, dean of the Faculty of Arabic and Islamic Studies for Girls in Alexandria, sees that appearance and vanity have become the main criteria of contemporary families, even though these families know that the youth are suffering financially. She also adds that the spread of early divorce before the wedding is due to financial incapability or the unavailability of housing and furniture to the standards of the bride and her family’s demands. This is a human desire that deserves no blame as long as it does not go beyond what is reasonable. She says to these families,
Be simple at the outset, do not insist on having a spacious flat or excessively expensive furniture. We have to return to the simplicity of Islam; when a person, of whose religion and reputation we approve, proposes, the family has to assimilate the wise lesson of simplifying demands and avoiding excessiveness whether in appearance, the wedding preparations or in furnishing the house. What is more important than all these things is protecting our girls and young men and restoring tranquility and stability to families by virtue of satisfaction and contentment and avoiding excessiveness, so as not to shake the foundations of the entire society. We are in dire need to reapply the real Islamic culture with regards to the simplicity of our homes. We have to leave our youth to form themselves and achieve progress step by step. This requires, as I said, a restoration of the real Islamic culture, as well as awareness and responsibility. This also requires us to spread awareness throughout the society that excessive pretentiousness in putting together the houses of our children is an incurable disease, which we must shun before time passes and our children and their stable future are lost. Therefore, make things easy and avoid difficult demands in order to build a happy future for your children.
The Housing Crisis
Dr. Muhammad Ra’fat ‘Uthmaan, professor of Comparative Islamic Jurisprudence in the Faculty ofSharee‘ahand Law and member of the Islamic Research Academy in Al-Azhar, says that the severe housing crisis which the city society suffers from is one of the most important causes behind divorce before the consummation of the marriage. He also says: To obtain the marital house, most young men need many years. During this period, boredom sets in between the couple, which leads to contemplating breaking the marriage. Moreover, excessive intermixing between the man and the woman leads to coldness of emotions, especially on the man’s part, and this may drive him to think of separating from his wife and marrying someone else. Solving this problem lies in shortening the period of engagement, which entails that the state facilitates accommodation that is suitable for the income of the youth by encouraging investment in middle level housing for people with low incomes. The bride’s family should not exaggerate in their demands with regard to furnishing the marital house. The woman’s guardian has to realize that the interest of the woman is achieved when the husband begins his marital life while he is financially at ease, not when burdened with debts.
Rights of the Divorcee
Concerning the rights of the divorcee, Dr. ‘Uthmaan says: She deserves only half of the dowry. If the husband has already paid the dowry in full, he has the right to take back half of what he paid. If the wife did not receive any dowry at all, she has the right to demand half the dowry that they agreed upon. It should be noted that the dowry includes the prompt and the deferred dowry, for Allaah The Almighty Says )what means(:}And if you divorce them before you have touched them and you have already specified for them an obligation, then ]give[ half of what you specified – unless they forego the right or the one in whose hand is the marriage contract foregoes it. And to forego it is nearer to righteousness…{]Quran 2:237[ In this case, divorce is called minor irrevocable divorce, which means that it is not a revocable divorce in which the husband can take the wife back during her ‘Iddah)waiting period(. Divorce before consummation of marriage does not entail a woman to observe ‘Iddah. Allaah The Almighty Says )what means(:}O You who have believed, when you marry believing women and then divorce them before you have touched them, then there is not for you any waiting period to count concerning them. So provide for them and give them a gracious release.{]Quran 33:49[

– PUBLISHERNajimudeeN M

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All families have problems. Misunderstanding and lack of listening between the spouses occurs for one reason or another. However, there are various degrees of this, some of which are endurable and considered normal in all families, whereas others are agonizing and abnormal. The latter leads to family disintegration and the breaking of its tight chain, but this does not happen in all families. Undoubtedly, where there is smoke, there is fire and there is a medicine for every disease. When the disease is diagnosed, it would be easy to prescribe the medicine. Mutual understanding between the spouses plays a great role in maintaining a stable marital life and has a significant effect in uprooting the causes of daily problems. Otherwise, the problem aggravates, inflates and is difficult to solve, which leads to unfavorable consequences.
Both spouses are required to be frank and clear and express their feelings with each other. Moreover, each of them should be understating and modest and be an open book for the other. It is hard to decide who bears the greater part of the responsibility here. The husband leaves his home and returns at the end of the day with his mind occupied by many things away from his home. He keeps thinking about many things that are related to his work and interrelated relations that the woman does not have. The wife, on the other hand, is overburdened with the tasks of her home, the rights of her husband and the hardship that she faces in raising her children. This is in addition to her nature where her reason is usually overpowered by emotion and, hence, she is affected by the least things. This is why the Prophet,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, in more than oneHadeethinstructed that she should be kindly treated by men.
Indeed both the husband and the wife are responsible for this issue and each of them should give it due its attention if they want the ship to proceed and life to be stable. It is one form of association that Allaah The Exalted commands in the Quran.
Had the wife known what occupies her husband’s mind when he returns from work and how exhausted he is, she would have received him in the best way, wiped her hand over that tiredness and hardship, and opened her heart to contain his suffering and pain. He, therefore, would regain his energy, forget the tiredness that he feels and the effort that he exerted, and regain his energy as if he had not been exhausted in the first place. However, what actually happens is that she immediately receives him by telling him about what happened to her or her neighbors, or even what happened between her and her family as well as other hopes for the future, and this is not kind association. It is also not wise of her to hasten to talk to him at the time when he needs peace and tranquility.
Rather, she should listen to him and show great interest in everything that he says. When he takes his sufficient portion of rest, affection and love as well as affability and nearness, she can tell him anything she wants if she sees readiness in his eyes. In such a case, she will find an open heart and listening ears. It is not wise of the wife to talk when silence is required or keep silent when talking is required. She should take the Mother of the Believers, Khadeejah, may Allaah be pleased with her, as her example. She never saw the Prophet,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, troubled without doing her best to divert him, remove his worry and promote his energy and zeal.
In aHadeethon the authority of ‘Aa’ishah, may Allaah be pleased with her, she said,
When Jibreel ]Gabriel[, may Allaah exalt his mention, revealed to the Messenger of Allaah, sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, the beginning of Soorah Al-‘Alaq, he came back with it while his heart was pounding severely. He entered into the presence of Khadeejah bint Khuwaylid, may Allaah be pleased with her, and said:‘Cover me! Cover me!’They ]his family[ covered him until his fear subsided and after that he told her everything that had happened and said:‘I feared that something might happen to me.’Khadeejah, may Allaah be pleased with her, said, ‘Never! By Allaah, Allaah will never fail you. You maintain the ties of kinship, help the poor and the destitute, serve your guests generously and assist those who are afflicted with adversity.’ Khadeejah, may Allaah be pleased with her, then accompanied him to her cousin Waraqah ibn Nawfal ibn Asad ibn ‘Abdul-‘Uzza…….”]Al-Bukhaari and Muslim[
Ibn Hajar, may Allaah have mercy upon him, said,”From the benefits of this story is that it is recommended to relieve the person who is afflicted by adversity by diverting him and making it easy for him. It is also recommended for the person who is afflicted with an adversity to tell the one whose advice and sound opinion he trusts.”
In aHadeethon the authority of Husayn ibn Mihsan, may Allaah be pleased with him, he said that his aunt said to him.“I came to the Prophet, sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, for something, and he said: ‘O you, Do you have a husband?’‘Yes,’I replied. The Prophet, sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, asked: ‘How do you treat him?’I replied, ‘I fulfill all his rights unless I am incapable of doing so.’ The Prophet, sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, said:‘You have to think about how you treat him for he is your Paradise and Hell.’”]Al-Haakim[ The wife who knows this, when her husband gets angry with her, mistreats her or she disobeys him, she would say, “Here is my hand in your hand. I will not sleep unless you are satisfied with me.” When there is anger, she hastens to him and does not wait or try to discover who is wrong because the matter is greater than that – he is the reason for her entering either Paradise or Hell.
On his part, the husband should appreciate his wife’s suffering all day long at home with the children. He should be patient with her and realize that she has been waiting for him all day to tell him about how she feels. He should be a good listener and show interest in what she is interested in. If the husband understands the nature of women, he will know that talking is one of their desires, especially when it is related to something that concerns their lives.
Moreover, she washes his clothes, prepares his food, brings up his children and satisfies his desires. He has to take the Prophet,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, as his example. In more than one place, he instructed that women should be kindly treated. This was even mentioned in the sermon of his Farewell Pilgrimage, the last advice the Prophet,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, offered hisUmmah)nation(. The one who neglects this is actually neglecting the last advice of the Messenger of Allaah,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam. He gave us a good example when he sat listening to ‘Aa’ishah, may Allaah be pleased with him, while she was telling him about the story of Umm Zar‘ that included the conditions of eleven women with their husbands. InSaheeh Muslim, theHadeethis mentioned in six full pages. At the end of the story, the Prophet,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, said to her:“I am for you as Abu Zar‘ was for Umm Zar’.”Although the story was very long and contained eloquent words, the Messenger of Allaah,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, did not get bored and at the end said the words that pleased his wife and made her happy. This incident indicates that the Messenger of Allaah,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, was not assuming this manner pretentiously, but that it was actually part of his natural demeanor.
Commenting on the verse in which Allaah The Exalted Says )what means(:}And live with them in kindness.{]Quran 4: 19[, Sayyid Qutb, may Allaah have mercy upon him, said beautiful words in this respect. He said,
The Islam that believes the house to be a repose and a source of security and peace, and believes the marital relation to be a source of affection, mercy and affability and establishes this bond on absolute choice to be built on response, kindness and love, is the same Islam that addresses husbands by the content of the verse where Allaah The Exalted Says )what means(:}For if you dislike them – perhaps you dislike a thing and Allaah makes therein much good.{]Quran 4:19[ This is meant to preserve the tie of marriage from breaking with the first whim and to keep the seriousness of this important human institution so that it should not be subjected to the whim of one’s unstable emotions and the ugliness of inclinations.
When there is understanding between the spouses and they both agree on a particular way for maintaining this understanding, and each of them is a good listener to the other and shows his interest in what the other is interested in, life becomes quiet and happy, mercy prevails, tranquility descends, affection surrounds it, and it becomes full of love and harmony.

– PUBLISHERNajimudeeN M

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On the morning of the day of’Eed,mosques echo with the sounds ofTakbeer)the words’Allaahu Akbar'(,Tahleel)the words’Laa ilaaha illaa Allaah'(and tears flow expressing grief over the departure of the beloved month ofRamadan, the month of blessings, patience, generosity and bounties. Allaah The Almightygives us the gift of’Eed, which are days of happiness and joy thatenvelopall members of the family including the spouses.
On that day, the souls of the spouses become purified and their hearts act as one, in accord with each other. Thus, we feel the spirit of happiness hovering over their house and the fragrance of love, cordiality, tolerance and fun is felt everywhere.
This is the only way to actualize the meaning of’Eedin the true sense of the word.
However, for some people,’Eedmay spark quarrels, particularly in the morning, due to the limited time and distracted minds when preparing to go out.
Such quarrels fill the souls with anger, which transforms’Eedfrom a source of happiness into an occasion for fights. In this case, the result would be that the spouses would go to visit their relatives with angry faces and depressed souls.
The happiness of’Eedhovers over the happy house:
-The spouses should thank Allaah The Almighty for His blessings and bounty:}Say, “In the Bounty of Allaah and in His Mercy – in that let them rejoice; it is better than what they accumulate.”{]Quran 10:58[
-They should repeatTakbeerand praise Allaah The Almighty on the days of’Eedas the Prophet,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, urged us to do so.
-They should ask Allaah The Almighty sincerely to accept their fasting, night prayer and all their sincere deeds and to lengthen their lives to witnessRamadanmany times.
-They should ask Allaah The Almighty to join them both in His Paradise, the home of His Mercy.
-They should overlook trivial issues and things that upset them. Allaah The Almighty legislated’Eedto be an occasion for joy and fun rather than sadness and quarreling.
Preparations for a happier’Eed:
Dear sister, here are some tips to have a happier’Eed:
-Organize all that your family will need when going out two days before the day of’Eed. Prepare the clothes of your husband and children and all the items you will need and keep them in a suitable and easily accessible place.
-Tidy your house before’Eedto save the time that you will spend in doing so before going out on the’Eedday.
-You and your husband should sleep as early as possible on the night of’Eedto wake up early, active and in good spirits.
-After theFajr)dawn( prayer, do not forget to makeIstighfaar)seek forgiveness( and recite the supplications of the morning, in addition to sayingTakbeerandTahleel.Raise your voice until all the members of your family hear you and feel the happy atmosphere of’Eed.
-Keep some dates for your husband and children to eat before going out to attend the’Eedprayer as the Prophet,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam,used to do. You should also prepare a dish of sweets and milk )or tea according to your preference(.
Preparations on the morning of’Eed:
-Wake your husband and children up early to perform theFajrprayer, then head to the place of’Eedprayer while makingTakbeerto attend the’Eedprayer and listen to theKhutbah)sermon(.
-Spouses should visit their family and relatives and spend time with them.
-Prepare some greeting cards that express your happiness and gratitude to your husband for his generosity and for helping you in doing good deeds.
-Try to spend the second day of’Eedwith your husband and children by going on a picnic away from noise and people. You could prepare some surprise gifts, hold competitions and cook grilled food outdoors.
-Make yourself and your husband happy so that you find its influence on your actions and behavior. Overlook all that might anger you, and remind yourself and your husband, whenever you see the ghost of anger approaching, that this is’Eedand that you should be happy and change your life for the better.

– PUBLISHERNajimudeeN M

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The IslamicSharee’ahstresses that the wife is under the obligation of obeying her husband. This remains unless he commands her to disobey Allaah The Exalted. She is required to obey him and exert her utmost effort to fulfill his needs in a way that makes him satisfied and thankful. This is supported by theHadeethwhere the Prophet,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, said:“If the woman performs the five daily prayers, fasts the month of Ramadan, maintains her chastity and obeys her husband, she will enter the Paradise of her Lord.”Likewise, Allaah The Exalted Says )what means(:}But if they obey you ]once more[, seek no means against them.{]Quran 4:34[ Moreover, the Prophet,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, said:“Were I to order anyone to prostrate himself before anyone else, I would have ordered the woman to prostrate herself before her husband.”
Obedience is the first right that Islam acknowledges for the husband over his wife. She is required to obey him in everything unless he commands her to do an act of disobedience. The Prophet,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, said:“No creature should be obeyed when it comes to disobeying the Creator.”
Consequently, she is required to obey him when he commands, fulfill his request when he orders, abstain when he forbids and respond when he advises. If he commands her not to allow a certain person, whether he is a relative or not, aMahramor non-Mahram, to enter his home when he is absent, she is required to obey him. The Messenger of Allaah,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, said:“Indeed, you have a right over your wives, and your wives have a right over you. As for the right that you have over them, it is to disallow anyone whom you dislike to enter your houses.”
Obeying the Husband is Equal to Jihaad
There are manySharee’ahtexts indicating the greatness of the husband’s right over his wife. In aHadeethon the authority of Ibn ‘Abbaas, may Allaah be pleased with him, it was mentioned that a woman came to the Prophet,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, and said, “O Messenger of Allaah, I am a delegate ]from a group of[ women and there are none of them, whether she knows or does not know that I would come to you, except she would want me to come to you. Allaah The Almighty is the Lord of both men and women and their God, and you are the Messenger of Allaah, for both men and women. Allaah has prescribed Jihaad for men only; if they are victorious, their reward is great, and if they die as martyrs, they are alive with their Lord, receiving sustenance. ]For women[, which act of obedience is equal in reward to this?”The Messenger of Allaah,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, replied:“Obeying their husbands and )being aware of and( fulfilling their rights; and few of you do that.”]At-Tabaraani and ‘Abdul-Raaziq[ Here, the Messenger of Allaah,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, equated the reward of makingJihaadto that of the wife obeying her husband.
Obedient Wives
The wife who knows her religious duties towards her husband is fully aware of the importance of obeying her husband. Mrs. Maha Jaabir says, “In order to provide the family with an atmosphere of security, protection, stability and affection, the wife is required to obey her husband in everything that is useful and beneficial. This would help to create sound humans who would go through life far removed from disturbances or imbalances. In return, Islam gave the woman her full right and made it obligatory on the husband to honor his wife, safeguard her rights and provide an honorable life for her in order to be obedient and loving.”
Mrs. Muna Al-Mu’aththin says,
If it is obligatory on the wife to obey her husband, this is only because he bears the responsibility and she is subordinate to him. He is a caretaker of his home and responsible for those who are under his charge. Moreover, he is supposed to be more insightful and more open-minded, and to know things that the wife does not know because of his wide circle of acquaintances and his wide experience that enables him to see what his wife does not. The wise wife is the one who obeys her husband, fulfills his commands and responds to his opinions and advice willingly and sincerely. If she finds something wrong in him, from her point of view, she exchanges views with him and guides him to his mistake with leniency, kindness and conviction. Calmness and soft words work like magic.
The disease of conceit and arrogance may cripple a woman’s heart. In this respect, Mrs. ‘Abeer Murshid says, “If such a disease reaches the heart of the woman, it would be a great disaster. The marital relationship would be threatened with the most dangerous type of disputes and quarrels. The man is in charge of the family by virtue of the role that Allaah The Almighty has granted him. If the wife tries to change the Creation of Allaah and His norms, this would afflict her with the most harmful consequences.”
Describing the way that she treats her husband, Mrs. Leena Al-Ghadhbaan says,
If my husband calls me to obey Allaah The Exalted and the Messenger of Allaah,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, I respond to his call without annoyance because this is the way to salvation and forgiveness. If he asks me to wear decent clothes and adhere toHijaab, I obey his command because this is the way to attain success and the satisfaction of Allaah The Almighty. I do not care about the customs of the community as Allaah The Exalted Says )what means(:}And if you obey most of those upon the earth, they will mislead you from the Way of Allaah.{]Quran 6:116[ If he asks me to be moderate regarding home expenses, I respond with my heart and with love and faithfulness. These are the foundations of marital life that Allaah The Exalted Has established on affection and mercy. I know that when my husband gets angry at anything I might have done after advising and directing me, this may entails the Anger of Allaah The Exalted.
Mrs. Khadeejah Hijaazi says,
One may find obedience a heavy burden; however, the wife is rewarded according to the extent of her readiness to be obedient and her sincerity in fulfilling the obligations of such obedience. The Messenger of Allaah,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, praised women and clarified that the services they perform and the sacrifices they make in terms of their emotions and energies can be made by no one else. They were created to perform a sublime and important duty, and in return Allaah The Exalted Has prepared a great reward for them. This reward would not be completed except with the wife’s obedience to her husband, satisfying him and avoiding what he dislikes.
Mrs. Hanaa‘ As-Saalih says, “The man is in charge of the family. He takes care of it and observes the morals of its members and its affairs. Hence, all the members of the family are required to obey him. He is charged with the burdens of the family and working to provide for it and fulfill its needs. In this way, the family is organized on the basis that there is a caretaker and a commander, on one hand, and subjects who listen and obey on the other.”
Limits of Obedience
However, the obedience that is obligatory on the wife to her husband is not blind obedience or obedience without restrictions, conditions or limits. Rather, it is the obedience of the righteous wife to the righteous and pious husband whose personality she trusts and believes in his sincerity and righteousness. Obedience that is based on consultation and mutual understanding promotes the entity of the family and its conditions and reinforces its foundations and strength.
The spouses are advised to consult each other with regard to all family affairs. Indeed, there is no consultant better than a faithful and truthful wife. She supports her husband, guides him with her emotions, protects him with her instinct and provides him with her opinion. The Messenger of Allaah,sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, would consult his wives and follow their opinion in important matters. He consulted his wife, Umm Salamah, may Allaah be pleased with her, in a most critical situation. Her consultation and wise opinion were important in putting an end to that crisis and returning matters to normality.
Finally, we find that Islam has organized the rights of spouses in such a way that if each of them perfectly fulfills the other’s rights, he, as well as those around him, will live in a state of happiness. However, if one of them misuses this right, the marital life will fail as it is a partnership between the spouses. Islam acknowledges the rights of the wife over her husband just as it acknowledges the husband’s rights over his wife. Additionally, it has clarified the duties of each. If both of them follow the instructions and each of them knows his Islamic rights and duties, the family will live happily and will be encompassed by tranquility and the mercy of Allaah The Almighty.

– PUBLISHERNajimudeeN M